PASSIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Simple Present	Active:	Rita	writes	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is written	by Rita.
Simple Past	Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was written	by Rita.
Present Perfect	Active:	Rita	has written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	has been written	by Rita.
Future I	Active:	Rita	will write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will be written	by Rita.
Hilfsverben	Active:	Rita	can write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	can be written	by Rita.

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Present Progressive	Active:	Rita	is writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is being written	by Rita.
Past Progressive	Active:	Rita	was writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was being written	by Rita.
Past Perfect	Active:	Rita	had written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	had been written	by Rita.
Future II	Active:	Rita	will have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will have been written	by Rita.
Conditional I	Active:	Rita	would write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would be written	by Rita.
Conditional II	Active:	Rita	would have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would have been written	by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

	Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2
Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter	to me.
Passive:	A letter	was written	to me	by Rita.
Passive:	I	was written	a letter	by Rita.

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As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

Source: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive

Conditional Sentences

-          PENGERTIAN

Conditional Sentences (Kalimat Pengandaian) adalah suatu bentuk kalimat majemuk yang dapat kita gunakan ketika kita ingin mengatakan bahwa sesuatu tersebut adalah suatu akibat atau konsekuensi yang tergantung pada situasi lainnya. Di dalamnya terdapat klausa pengandaian (IF CLAUSE) dan klausa akibat (RESULT CLAUSE). Pada bentuk conditional sentences kita menggunakan kata "if (jika)" provided that )asalkan), on condition that (dengan syarat), atau unless (kecuali). anak kalimat dapat mendahului induk kalimat atau sebagainya.

-          JENIS-JENIS CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Terdapat tiga bentuk Conditional Sentences, yaitu:

1.       Tipe pertama (Future Conditional Sentences)

Kalimat pengadaian ini digunakan untuk mengadaikan sesuatu yang belum terjadi pada waktu sekarang, sehingga mungkin terjadi atau tidak terjadi di waktu yang akan datang dan akan terjadi bila syaratnya (if-clause) terpenuhi.

Rumus : If + Subject Present + Subject + Future Tense

Atau    : Subject + Future Tense, if + Subject +Future Tense

Contoh :

1. We will go for a swim if the weather is fine

(It means that we may go for a swim, the weather may be fine)

2. If Susi invites me, I will attend the party next sunday.

(there is possibility for me to attend the party next sunday)

2.       Tipe kedua (Present – Unreal Conditional)

Kalimat pengadaian ini digunakan untuk mengadaikan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan fakta pada waktu sekarang sehingga tidak mungkin terjadi atau kemungkinan kecil terjadi pada waktu sekarang.

Rumus : If + Subject + Simple Past….+ Subject + Would + Verb1

Atau    : Subject + Would + Verb….If + Subject + Simple Past

                                Might

                                Could

Contoh:

1.      If I were rich, I would give my money to the poor.

Seandainya saya kaya, saya akan memberikan uang saya pada orang miskin. (makna sesungguhnya adalah “I am not rich“ dan saya tidak mungkin bias memberi uang pada orang miskin).

2.      If he smokes less, he wouldn’t cough so much.

Seandainya dia mengurangi merokok, maka dia tidak akan batuk terus. ( makna sesungguhnya “he smokes much“ maka dia akan batuk terus).

Dalam pengandaian tipe dua ini, penggunaan kata “if“ bias dihilangkan dengan menggunakan pola inversion. Inversion adalah bentuk lamunan dengan penghilangan kata “if“, yaitu :

Contoh :

1.      Were he here, he would take care of our problem.

Seandainya dia ada di sini, maka dia akan membantu menyelesaikan masalah. ( makna sesungguhnya “he isn’t here” dan dia tidak akan pernah habis membantu menyelesaikan masalah).

2.      Were I movie star, I would be very famous.

Seandainya saya seorang bintang, saya akan terkenal. ( maka saya sesungguhnya bukan seorang bintang “I am not a movie star” dan saya tidak terkenal).

3.      Tipe ketiga ( Past – Unreal Conditional )

Kalimat pengadaian ini digunakan untuk mengadaikan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan fakta pada waktu lampau sehingga tidak mungkin terjadi pada waktu lampau.

Rumus : If + Subject + Past Perfect….+ Subject + Would + Have + Past   Participle

                                                                                  Could

                                       Subject + Would + Have + Past Participle. If + Subject + Past Perfect….

                                                                                   Could

                                                                                   Might

Contoh :

1. They could have gone for a swim if the weather had been fine.

(it means tat they could not go for a swim since the weather was bed)

2. if he had stayed longer, he would have met desy.

(if means that he did not stay longer that is why he did not meet her)

Sumber: - http://endriputro.wordpress.com/2012/03/13/conditional-sentences/

            - http://efvinhandriyani.wordpress.com/paket-c-3/bahasa-inggris/tenses dan-conditional-sentences/